Clinical Information

Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases, also referred to as GM2 gangliosidoses, are lysosomal storage disorders caused by deficiencies of the enzymes hexosaminidase A and hexosaminidase B, respectively. These isoenzymes are dimers that differ in their subunit composition. Hexosaminidase A is a heterodimer composed of 1 alpha and 1 beta subunit (alpha-beta), while hexosaminidase B is a homodimer composed of 2 beta subunits (beta-beta). The defective lysosomal degradation and the excessive accumulation of GM2 ganglioside and related glycolipids result in the development of the clinical symptomology observed in Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases.

Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases are autosomal recessive conditions. Tay-Sachs disease results from 2 variants in HEXA, which encodes for the alpha subunit of hexosaminidase and causes a deficiency of hexosaminidase A enzyme. An increased carrier frequency for Tay-Sachs disease is observed in individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish, Celtic, and French-Canadian ancestry. Patients with Sandhoff disease have 2 variants in HEXB, which encodes for the beta subunit of hexosaminidase and results in deficiencies in both hexosaminidase A and hexosaminidase B enzymes. Sandhoff disease does not exhibit an increased carrier frequency in any specific population.

Clinical Phenotypes:

Phenotypically, patients with Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases are virtually indistinguishable. Variability is observed with respect to age of onset and clinical symptoms. Enzyme analysis is generally required to distinguish between the 2 disorders.

The acute infantile forms of Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases typically present with progressive motor deterioration beginning at 3 to 6 months of age. Patients exhibit weakness, hypotonia, and decreasing attentiveness. Motor skills learned previously, such as crawling or sitting alone, are nearly always lost by 1 year of age. Other symptoms include rapid diminishing of vision, seizures, macrocephaly due to cerebral gliosis, and the characteristic cherry-red spot in the retina. Affected individuals typically do not survive past 5 years of age.

The juvenile or subacute forms often present between 2 and 10 years of age with ataxia and clumsiness. Patients develop difficulties with speech and cognition. Neurologic features progressively get worse, and death typically occurs 2 to 4 years later.

Disease progression is slower in patients with chronic or adult-onset Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases. Early signs and symptoms may be subtle and nonspecific, involving muscle and/or neurologic findings, often resulting in initial misdiagnoses. Affected individuals may exhibit abnormalities of gait and posture, spasticity, dysarthria, and progressive muscle wasting and weakness. Cognitive impairment, dementia, or psychiatric findings are observed in some patients. Significant clinical variability exists both between and within families.

Testing Options:

Several tests are available for the detection of carriers of, and individuals affected with, Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases (see Table, Ordering Guidance, and Testing Algorithm). This test is the recommended test for both diagnostic and carrier testing. Testing begins with enzyme analysis and when indicated reflexes to the appropriate molecular analysis (either HEXA or HEXB gene), which includes next-generation sequencing to detect single nucleotide and copy number variants.

Follow-up molecular testing is recommended for all individuals with enzyme results in the carrier, possible carrier, or affected ranges. This differentiates between nondisease causing pseudodeficiency alleles and disease-causing variants. In addition, molecular analysis allows for the facilitation of carrier testing and prenatal diagnosis for at-risk individuals.

Table

*MUGS testing should be utilized only when one of the other assays indicates normal, indeterminate, or carrier results and the clinical suspicion of Tay-Sachs disease remains high.